You can add optional tests for any of the parameters in the route. For each parameter, you can add a regular expression that's checked before matching the route. For example, the route for the node revisions is:

entity.node.version_history:
 path: '/node/{node}/revisions'
 defaults:
 _title: 'Revisions'
 _controller: '\Drupal\node\Controller\NodeController::revisionOverview'
 requirements:
 _access_node_revision: 'view'
 node: \d+
 options:
 _node_operation_route: TRUE

Under requirements, you see the attribute for node with the regular expression \d+. This ensures that /node/1/revisions gets matched, while /node/foo/revisions doesn't.