The format for referring to a symbol in WinDbg is as follows:

moduleName!symbolName

This syntax can be used anywhere that normally has an address. The moduleName is the name of the .exe, .dll, or .sys file that contains the symbol without the extension, and the symbolName is the name associated with the address. However, ntoskrnl.exe is a special case and the module name is nt, not ntoskrnl. For example, if you want to look at disassembly of the NtCreateProcess function in ntoskrnl.exe, you would use the disassemble command u (which stands for unassemble) with the parameter nt!NtCreateProcess. If you don’t specify a library name, WinDbg will search through all of the loaded modules for a matching symbol. This can take a long time because it must load and search symbols for every module.

The bu command allows you to use symbols to set a deferred breakpoint on code that isn’t yet loaded. A deferred breakpoint is a breakpoint that will be set when a module is loaded that matches a specified name. For example, the command bu newModule!exportedFunction will instruct WinDbg to set a breakpoint on exportedFunction as soon as a module is loaded with the name newModule. When analyzing kernel modules, it is particularly useful to combine this with the $iment command, which determines the entry point of a given module. The command bu $iment(driverName) will set a breakpoint on the entry point of a driver before any of the driver’s code has a chance to run.

The x command allows you to search for functions or symbols using wildcards. For example, if you’re looking for kernel functions that perform process creation, you can search for any function within ntoskrnl.exe that includes the string CreateProcess. The command x nt!*CreateProcess* will display exported functions as well as internal functions. The following is the output for x nt!*CreateProcess*.

0:003> x nt!*CreateProcess*
805c736a nt!NtCreateProcessEx = <no type information>
805c7420 nt!NtCreateProcess = <no type information>
805c6a8c nt!PspCreateProcess = <no type information>
804fe144 nt!ZwCreateProcess = <no type information>
804fe158 nt!ZwCreateProcessEx = <no type information>
8055a300 nt!PspCreateProcessNotifyRoutineCount = <no type information>
805c5e0a nt!PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine = <no type information>
8050f1a2 nt!MmCreateProcessAddressSpace = <no type information>
8055a2e0 nt!PspCreateProcessNotifyRoutine = <no type information>

Another useful command is the ln command, which will list the closest symbol for a given memory address. This can be used to determine to which function a pointer is directed. For example, let’s say we see a call function to address 0x805717aa and we want to know the purpose of the code at that address. We could issue the following command:

  0:002> ln 805717aa
  kd> ln ntreadfile
❶ (805717aa)   nt!NtReadFile   |  (80571d38)   nt!NtReadFileScatter
  Exact matches:
❷     nt!NtReadFile = <no type information>

The first line ❶ shows the two closest matches, and the last line ❷ shows the exact match. Only the first line is displayed if there is no exact match.

The Microsoft symbols also include type information for many structures, including internal types that are not documented elsewhere. This is useful for a malware analyst, since malware often manipulates undocumented structures. Example 10-2 shows the first few lines of a driver object structure, which stores information about a kernel driver.

0:000> dt nt!_DRIVER_OBJECT
kd> dt nt!_DRIVER_OBJECT
   +0x000 Type             : Int2B
   +0x002 Size             : Int2B
   +0x004 DeviceObject     : Ptr32 _DEVICE_OBJECT
   +0x008 Flags            : Uint4B
❶  +0x00c DriverStart      : Ptr32 Void
   +0x010 DriverSize       : Uint4B
   +0x014 DriverSection    : Ptr32 Void
   +0x018 DriverExtension  : Ptr32 _DRIVER_EXTENSION
   +0x01c DriverName       : _UNICODE_STRING
   +0x024 HardwareDatabase : Ptr32 _UNICODE_STRING
   +0x028 FastIoDispatch   : Ptr32 _FAST_IO_DISPATCH
   +0x02c DriverInit       : Ptr32     long
   +0x030 DriverStartIo    : Ptr32     void
   +0x034 DriverUnload     : Ptr32     void
   +0x038 MajorFunction    : [28] Ptr32     long

The structure names hint at what data is stored within the structure. For example, at offset 0x00c ❶ there is a pointer that reveals where the driver is loaded in memory.

WinDbg allows you to overlay data onto the structure. Let’s say that we know there is a driver object at offset 828b2648, and we want to show the structure along with each of the values from a particular driver. Example 10-3 shows how to accomplish this.

kd> dt nt!_DRIVER_OBJECT 828b2648
   +0x000 Type             :  4
   +0x002 Size             :  168
   +0x004 DeviceObject     :  0x828b0a30 _DEVICE_OBJECT
   +0x008 Flags            :  0x12
   +0x00c DriverStart      :  0xf7adb000
   +0x010 DriverSize       :  0x1080
   +0x014 DriverSection    :  0x82ad8d78
   +0x018 DriverExtension  :  0x828b26f0 _DRIVER_EXTENSION
   +0x01c DriverName       :  _UNICODE_STRING "\Driver\Beep"
   +0x024 HardwareDatabase :  0x80670ae0 _UNICODE_STRING "\REGISTRY\MACHINE\
HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION\SYSTEM"
   +0x028 FastIoDispatch   :  (null)
   +0x02c DriverInit       : ❶0xf7adb66c     long  Beep!DriverEntry+0
   +0x030 DriverStartIo    :  0xf7adb51a     void  Beep!BeepStartIo+0
   +0x034 DriverUnload     :  0xf7adb620     void  Beep!BeepUnload+0
   +0x038 MajorFunction    :  [28] 0xf7adb46a     long  Beep!BeepOpen+0

This is the beep driver, which is built into Windows to make a beeping noise when something is wrong. We can see that the initialization function that is called when the driver is loaded is located at offset 0xf7adb66c ❶. If this were a malicious driver, we would want to see what code was located at that address because that code is always called first when the driver is loaded. The initialization function is the only function called every time a driver is loaded. Malware will sometimes place its entire malicious payload in this function.

Symbols are specific to the version of the files being analyzed, and can change with every update or hotfix. When configured properly, WinDbg will query Microsoft’s server and automatically get the correct symbols for the files that are currently being debugged. You can set the symbol file path by selecting File ▶ Symbol File Path. To configure WinDbg to use the online symbol server, enter the following path:

SRV*c:\websymbols*http://msdl.microsoft.com/download/symbols

The SRV configures a server, the path c:\websymbols is a local cache for symbol information, and the URL is the fixed location of the Microsoft symbol server.

If you’re debugging on a machine that is not continuously connected to the Internet, you can manually download the symbols from Microsoft. Download the symbols specific to the OS, service pack, and architecture that you are using. The symbol files are usually a couple hundred megabytes because they contain the symbol information for all the different hotfix and patch versions for that OS and service pack.