The foundation of any multithreaded application is formed by the implementation of the required features by the hardware of the processor, as well as by the way these features are translated into an API for use by applications by the operating system. An understanding of this foundation is crucial for developing an intuitive understanding of how to best implement a multithreaded application.

Topics covered in this chapter include the following:

• How operating systems changed to use these hardware features
• Concepts behind memory safety and memory models in various architectures
• Differences between various process and threading models by OSes
• Concurrency