Airdrops are a promotional approach where a team sends free tokens to all accounts on a network that meet certain criteria, typically involving minimum balance and activity requirements. The airdrop is meant to achieve two goals: spread awareness and interest in the project, and also build a userbase for the ecosystem.
One of the reasons Airdrops became popular is that they were also seen as a way to distribute tokens without being seen as a security, since no money changed hands. This approach is still untested legally.