Table of Contents for
Learning Linux Shell Scripting

Version ebook / Retour

Cover image for bash Cookbook, 2nd Edition Learning Linux Shell Scripting by Ganesh Sanjiv Naik Published by Packt Publishing, 2015
  1. Cover
  2. Table of Contents
  3. Learning Linux Shell Scripting
  4. Learning Linux Shell Scripting
  5. Credits
  6. About the Author
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. About the Reviewers
  9. www.PacktPub.com
  10. Preface
  11. What you need for this book
  12. Who this book is for
  13. Conventions
  14. Reader feedback
  15. Customer support
  16. 1. Getting Started and Working with Shell Scripting
  17. Tasks done by shell
  18. Working in shell
  19. Learning basic Linux commands
  20. Our first script – Hello World
  21. Compiler and interpreter – difference in process
  22. When not to use scripts
  23. Various directories
  24. Working more effectively with shell – basic commands
  25. Working with permissions
  26. Summary
  27. 2. Drilling Deep into Process Management, Job Control, and Automation
  28. Monitoring processes using ps
  29. Process management
  30. Process monitoring tools – top, iostat, and vmstat
  31. Understanding "at"
  32. Understanding "crontab"
  33. Summary
  34. 3. Using Text Processing and Filters in Your Scripts
  35. IO redirection
  36. Pattern matching with the vi editor
  37. Pattern searching using grep
  38. Summary
  39. 4. Working with Commands
  40. Command substitution
  41. Command separators
  42. Logical operators
  43. Pipes
  44. Summary
  45. 5. Exploring Expressions and Variables
  46. Working with environment variables
  47. Working with read-only variables
  48. Working with command line arguments (special variables, set and shift, getopt)
  49. Understanding getopts
  50. Understanding default parameters
  51. Working with arrays
  52. Summary
  53. 6. Neat Tricks with Shell Scripting
  54. The here document and the << operator
  55. The here string and the <<< operator
  56. File handling
  57. Debugging
  58. Summary
  59. 7. Performing Arithmetic Operations in Shell Scripts
  60. Using the let command for arithmetic
  61. Using the expr command for arithmetic
  62. Binary, octal, and hex arithmetic operations
  63. A floating-point arithmetic
  64. Summary
  65. 8. Automating Decision Making in Scripts
  66. Understanding the test command
  67. Conditional constructs – if else
  68. Switching case
  69. Implementing simple menus with select
  70. Looping with the for command
  71. Exiting from the current loop iteration with the continue command
  72. Exiting from a loop with a break
  73. Working with the do while loop
  74. Using until
  75. Piping the output of a loop to a Linux command
  76. Running loops in the background
  77. The IFS and loops
  78. Summary
  79. 9. Working with Functions
  80. Passing arguments or parameters to functions
  81. Sharing the data by many functions
  82. Declaring local variables in functions
  83. Returning information from functions
  84. Running functions in the background
  85. Creating a library of functions
  86. Summary
  87. 10. Using Advanced Functionality in Scripts
  88. Using the trap command
  89. Ignoring signals
  90. Using traps in function
  91. Running scripts or processes even if the user logs out
  92. Creating dialog boxes with the dialog utility
  93. Summary
  94. 11. System Startup and Customizing a Linux System
  95. User initialization scripts
  96. Summary
  97. 12. Pattern Matching and Regular Expressions with sed and awk
  98. sed – noninteractive stream editor
  99. Using awk
  100. Summary
  101. Index

Chapter 7. Performing Arithmetic Operations in Shell Scripts

In the last chapter, you learned about debugging, the here operator, interactive Shell scripts for taking input from the keyboard, and file handling.

In this chapter, we will cover the following arithmetic operations topics:

  • Addition
  • Subtraction
  • Multiplication
  • Division
  • Modulus

We can perform arithmetic operations in various ways, such as using declare, let, expr, and arithmetic expressions. You will also learn about representing numbers in different bases, such as binary, octal, and hex.

Using a command declare for arithmetic

Whenever we declare any variable, by default, this variable stores the string type of data. We cannot do arithmetic operations on them. We can declare a variable as an integer by using the declare command. Such variables are declared as integers; if we try to assign a string to them, then bash assigns 0 in these variables.

Bash will report an error if we try to assign fractional values (floating points) to integer variables.

We can create an integer variable called value, shown as follows:

$ declare –i value

We tell the shell that the variable value is of type integer. Otherwise, shell treats all variables as character strings:

  • If we try to assign the name string to the integer variable value, then the value variable will be assigned the 0 value by Bash shell:
    $ value=name
$ echo $value
0
  • We need to enclose numbers between double quotes, otherwise we should not use space in arithmetic expressions:
    $ value=4 + 4
bash: +: command not found
  • When we remove white spaces, the error also gets removed, and the arithmetic operation takes place.
    $ value=4+4
$ echo $value
8
  • We can perform a multiplication operation as follows:
    $ value=4*3
$ echo $value
12
$ value="4 * 5"
$ echo $value
20
  • Since we have enclosed numbers in "", the multiplication operation is performed. Due to double quotes (""), the * operator was not used as a wildcard (*):
    $ value=5.6
bash: num: 5.6: syntax error in expression (remainder of expression is ".5").

Since we have declared the variable value as an integer variable, when we initialize the variable with a floating point number, the error gets displayed by Bash shell.

Listing integers

If we want to see all declared integer variables along with their values, then we must give the following command:

$ declare –i

Output:

declare -ir BASHPID=""
declare -ir EUID="1001"
declare -i HISTCMD=""
declare -i LINENO=""
declare -i MAILCHECK="60"
declare -i OPTIND="1"
declare -ir PPID="1966"
declare -i RANDOM=""
declare -ir UID="1001"