Advanced Raspberry Pi: Raspbian Linux and GPIO Integration

Appendix A: Power Standards

The following table references the standard ATX power supply voltages , regulation (tolerance), and voltage ranges. This has no direct bearing on the Raspberry Pi but does provide for comparison of power tolerances.

Supply Volts	Tolerance		Minimum	Maximum	Ripple (Peak)
+5 V	±5%	± 0.25 V	+4.75 V	+5.25 V	50 mV
-5 V	±10%	±0.50 V	–4.50 V	–5.50 V	50 mV
+12 V	±5%	±0.60 V	+11.40 V	+12.60 V	120 mV
-12 V	±10%	±1.2 V	–10.8 V	–13.2 V	120 mV
+3.3 V	±5%	±0.165 V	+3.135 V	+3.465 V	50 mV
+5 VSB	±5%	±0.25 V	+4.75 V	+5.25 V	50 mV

Appendix B: Electronics Reference

The experienced electronic hobbyist or engineer will already know these formulas and units. This reference material is provided as a convenience for the student or beginning hobbyist.

Ohm’s Law

Using the following triangle , cover the unknown property to determine the formula needed. For example, if current (I) is unknown, cover the I in the diagram and the formula $\frac{V}{R}$ remains.

Power

Power can be computed from these formulas:

$\begin{array}{l}P=I\times V\\ {}P={I}^2\times V\\ {}P=\frac{V^2}{R}\end{array}$

Units

The following chart summarizes the main metric prefixes used in electronics.

Category	Name	Prefix	Factor
Multiples	mega	M	10 ⁶
Multiples	kilo	k	10 ³
Fraction	milli	m	10 ^–3
	micro	m	10 ^–6
	nano	n	10 ^–9
	pico	p	10 ^–12

Bibliography

1.
Kabade, Rajat. “Intel’s Raspberry Pi Competitor Comes with Sky-High Price Tag.” Open Source For You. January 23, 2017. Accessed May 31, 2018. https://opensourceforu.com/2016/12/intel-raspberry-pi-competitor-sky-high-price/ .
2.
“Raspberry Pi.” Wikipedia. May 29, 2018. Accessed May 31, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi .
3.
“Coloured Splash Screen,” R-Pi Troubleshooting.
< http://elinux.org/R-Pi_Troubleshooting#Coloured_splash_screen >
4.
“Ethernet Connection Is Lost When a USB Device Is Plugged In,” R-Pi Troubleshooting.
< http://elinux.org/R-Pi_Troubleshooting#Ethernet_connection_is_lost_when_a_USB_device_is_plugged_in >
5.
Matt. “Raspberry Pi Status LEDs Explained.” Raspberry Pi Spy. November 10, 2016. Accessed June 04, 2018. https://www.raspberrypi-spy.co.uk/2013/02/raspberry-pi-status-leds-explained/ .
6.
“RPI Safe Mode.” RPi-Cam-Web-Interface - ELinux.org . Accessed June 05, 2018. https://elinux.org/RPI_safe_mode .
7.
“meminfo:,” “The /proc Filesystem.”
< http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt >
8.
Ascierto, Jerry. “Cypress Acquires Anchor Chips.” EDN. Accessed June 08, 2018. https://www.edn.com/electronics-news/4356714/Cypress-Acquires-Anchor-Chips .
9.
“Wear Leveling Methodology,” White Paper, SanDisk Flash Memory Cards Wear Leveling.
< http://ugweb.cs.ualberta.ca/~c274/resources/hardware/SDcards/WPaperWearLevelv1.0.pdf >
10.
“Chapter 3 , SD Bus Topology,” SD Card Interface Description, SD Card Product Manual. < http://www.convict.lu/pdf/ProdManualSDCardv1.9.pdf >
11.
“Baudot Code,” Baudo Code, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudot_code >
12.
“Microchip 3V Tips ’n Tricks.”
< http://www.newark.com/pdfs/techarticles/microchip/3_3vto5vAnalogTipsnTricksBrchr.pdf >
13.
“Interfacing 3V and 5V applications AN240,” Application Note, Phillips Semiconductors. < https://datasheetspdf.com/pdf/501591/Philips/AN240/1 >
14.
Gay, Warren. Custom Raspberry Pi Interfaces: Design and Build Hardware Interfaces for the Raspberry Pi . United States: Apress, 2017.
15.
“1-Wire,” From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Wire >
16.
“1-Wire® (Protocol),” Company: Dallas Semiconductor/Maxim, Linus Wong. <coecsl.ece.illinois.edu/ge423/sensorprojects/1-wire_full.doc>
17.
“I ² C,” I ² C, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2C >
18.
“Serial Peripheral Interface Bus,” From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus >

Index

A

Anchor Chips Inc.

ARM architecture

execution environment

features

implementations

suffix

threads ( see pthread)

B

Battery power

DC-DC buck converter

batteries/charge cycle

experiment

hypothetical LM7805 power

optimal input voltage

specifications

headroom

LM7805 regulation

requirements

Bipolar transistor driver

Booting

ARM Linux

cmdline.txt ( see cmdline.txt)

config.txt ( see config.txt)

files

C

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

ARM ( see ARM architecture)

condition variables

pthread_cond_broadcast(3)

pthread_cond_destroy(3)

pthread_cond_init(3)

pthread_cond_signal(3)

pthread_cond_wait(3)

steps

mutexes ( see Mutexes)

/proc/cpuinfo

cmdline.txt

elevator=

ip=

nfsroot=

root=

rootfstype=

rootwait=

serial console=

virtual console=

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)

config.txt

boot options

avoid safe mode

boot_delay and boot_delay_ms

cmdline

device_tree_address

init_emmc_clock parameter

init RAM file system

init_uart_baud

init_uart_clock parameter

kernel

kernel address

RAM file system address

RAM file system file

color burst

display_rotate option

frame buffer settings

HDMI operation

avoid EDID fuzzy match

boost

drive

force EDID audio

force hot-plug

hdmi_edid_file

hdmi_group

ignore CEC

ignore CEC init

ignore EDID

ignore hot-plug

mode settings

safe mode

licensed codecs

memory

overscan video

sdtv_aspect parameter

testing

vcgencmd

C program GPIO

alternate mode, GPIO

drive, slew rate limiting, and hysteresis

GPIO input

GPIO output

uevents pseudo file

Cross-compiling

32-bit operating system

crosstool-NG ( see Crosstool-NG software)

definition

destination platform

Devuan Linux

host, guest, build, and target

kernel ( see Kernel, cross-compiling)

local platform

problems in

VirtualBox ( see VirtualBox)

crosstool-NG software

arm architecture

binary utilities menu

C compiler

configuration

cross-compiler configuration

download

endianness and bitness

gcc version

install packages

make command

menu program

operating system

/opt/x-tools

build process

change ownership

install

PATH environment variable

paths and misc options

prefix directory

satging directory

save configuration

tarball

target architecture

target options

target OS

troubleshooting

build.log file

clean step

try features marked as experimental

cycfx2prog package

Cyclic redundancy check (CRC)

D

Dallas DS18B20 slave device

Data communications equipment (DCE)

Data format

Data terminal equipment (DTE)

Debian Linux

Devuan Linux

DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor

breadboard

circuit connections

data bits

data format

elapsed time

GPIO

main() function

monotonic time

overall signal protocol

responds protocol

response reading

sigalrm_handler()

source code

user space software

wait_change() function

wait_ms() function

wait_ready() function

Digital multimeter (DMM)

Direct register access

mapping physical memory

peripheral base address

DS18B20 slave circuit

DS18B20 temperature sensors

DS3231 module

AT24C32 4kx8 I ² C EEPROM

backside view

battery

date/time

front view

-h option

1 Hz square wave

GPIO

I ² C device

kernel, timezone offset

Pi I ² C bus

power source

read, i2c_rd_rtc() function

RTC setting

temperature

write, i2c_wr_rtc() function

Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP)

E

E-book power adapters

Edge events

EINTR error code

GPIO, demonstration program

gpio_poll() function

multiple GPIOs

reading uevent

EINTR error

Ethernet

access

rule checking

security

wired ( see Wired Ethernet)

EZ-USB FX2LP board

EZ-USB FX2LP device

blink.c source code

compile blink

EZ-USB program execution

subdirectory

F

Flash storage processor (FSP)

G

General-purpose I/O (GPIO)

configuration

cross reference

drive strength

control lines

pads control

SoC registers

function

floating potentials

input pins

output pins

selection

input pins

logic levels

output pins

bi-color LEDs

colors of LED

LED

logic interfaces

sink current

sources current

source/sink

pins and designations

even modern Raspberry Pi models

odd modern Raspberry Pi models

pull-up resistors

Broadcom documentation

CMOS

configuration

GPPUDCLK0 register layout

GPPUP register

github.com

GPIO ( see General-purpose I/O (GPIO))

Guest operating system

H

Header strips

GPIO Header P1

Revision 2.0

GPIO configuration

logic levels

modern units

safe mode

I, J

I2C bus

API

header files

ioctl(2,I2C_FUNC)

ioctl(2,I2C_RDWR)

kernel module support

open(2)

BCM2835 device

bus speed

capability flags

connections

data bit transmission

design

MCP23017

driver setup

GPIO input/output, testing

limitations

test GPIO input interrupt

wiring

message formats

Raspberry Pi

SDA and SCL

signaling

tools

Inductive loads

Insufficient power

K

Kernel, cross-compiling

boot failure

inputbox.c

install image

INSTALL_MOD_PATH

Makefile for

Pi 1/Zero/Zero W

Pi 2/3/3+/Compute Module 3

make mrproper

prefix

SD card

smoke test

source code

zImage modules dtbs

L

LCD HDMI display

boot

connections

5 inch HDMI display kit

installation

backup

driver

edit /boot/cmdline.txt

edit /boot/config.txt

file 40-libinput.conf

file 99-calibration.conf-

file 99-fbturbo.conf

script

shutdown

plugging in

power

libusb-1.0-0-dev

Light-emitting diode (LED)

FDX

indicators

LINK

10M/100

OK/ACT

original header P1

PWR

reference chart

Line driving

Linux uinput interface

closing uinput

configuring events

EV_ABS

event types

EV_KEY

EV_REL

mouse buttons

device node

header files

node creation

posting

EV_KEY events

EV_REL events

EV_SYN events

LM7805 linear regulator

Local area network (LAN)

M

Mapping physical memory

MCP23017

driver setup

GPIO A7

limitations

messages formats

test GPIO input interrupt

wiring

Monotonic time

Mutexes

pthread_mutex_create(3)

pthread_mutex_destroy(3)

pthread_mutex_lock(3)

pthread_mutex_unlock(3)

N

Network address translation (NAT)

Nunchuk

connector pin-out

cable connections

clone with wire ends

connector wiring

features

I2C protocol

encryption

read sensor data

I2C support

input utilities

linux uinput interface ( see Linux uinput interface)

program

I2C bus

nunchuk_init() function

nunchuk_read() function

project description

testing

d command-line option

findchuk shell script

input-events

isinputs

X-windows config file

X-Window

O

Ohm’s law

P, Q

Peripheral base address

Peripheral power

Pi camera

cable

configuration, interfaces

connector

lens covering

protective strip

Python

raspistill command

Pi Zero

adapters

enabling ssh

problems

serial console access

VNC access

Power

adapters

Apple unit

e-book

source quality

unsuitable supply

voltage test

battery ( see Battery power)

calculations

current requirement

Micro-USB input connector

peripheral power

signs of insufficient

USB hubs

volt

Power standards

/proc/cpuinfo

/proc/meminfo file

active memory

active(anon)

active(file)

AnonPages

bounce

buffers

cached (page cache)

CommitLimit

Committed_AS

inactive

inactive(anon)

inactive(file)

KernelStack

mapped

MemFree

MemTotal

Mlocked

NFS_Unstable

PageTables

Raspbian Linux

Shmem

Slab

SReclaimable

SUnreclaim

SwapCached

SwapFree

SwapTotal

unevictable

VmallocChunk

VmallocTotal

Writeback

WritebackTmp

pthread

error handling

headers

pthread_attr_t

pthread_create(3)

pthread_detach(3)

pthread_join(3)

pthread_kill(3)

Pulse width modulation (PWM)

R

Raspberry Pi

bare metal approach

2 Model B

3 Model B

3 Model B+

models

SBC inventory

Zero

Zero W

Real time clock

DS3231 module ( see DS3231 module)

alarm 2

control options

temperature monitoring

RS-

baud rate

break

data bits

flow control

approach

forms of

hardware

software

framing error

parity bit

serial signal transmission

start bit

stop bits

RS-232 converter

DTE/DCE

MAX232CSE interface

TTL adapters

S

SD card storage

block size

character device

disk cache

root file system

capacities and performance

CRC

file system

blkid command

direct mount

hdparm command

lsblk command

MicroSD adapter

read-only problem

software protection

flash card designs

image files

media

transfer modes

SD mode

SPI Bus mode

wear leveling

Secure Shell (SSH)

Serial console access

Serial peripheral interface (SPI) bus

API

bits per word

data I/O

header files

clock rate with ioctl(2)

mode macros

open(2)

read(2)

write(2)

communicate, master/slave basis

device nodes

devices support

driver support

interface

modes

signaling

slave selection

testing

Single board computers (SBCs)

Smoke test

Static IP Address

Synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM)

memory mapping

address

/dev/mem node

file descriptor

flags

length

mmap(2) system

offset

protection

return value

source code

volatile

physical memory

/proc/meminfo ( see /proc/meminfo file)

virtual memory

sysfs GPIO

configuration

export pseudo file

gpioX/active_low

gpiox/direction file

gpioX/edge and gpioX/uevent

gpioX/value

input test

/sys/class/gpio

test script

sysfs GPIO ( see General-purpose I/O (GPIO))

System on chip (SoC)

T

Temperature sensors

Transistor driver

bipolar

inductive loads

Two-wire interface (TWI)

U

Units chart

Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART)

GPIO pins

PL011 and mini UART

characteristics

device driver details

differences

features

Raspberry Pi

nodes

serial console

use of serial device

RS-232 ( see RS-232)

RS-232 converter

RTS/CTS access

serial console

interface options selection

<No> tab

Raspberry Pi 3

Raspberry Pi Zero

Raspberry Zero

raspi-config

reboot option

serial selection

Universal serial bus (USB)

demonstration

device

enumeration

EZ-USB FX2LP

FX2LP source code

accept_cmd()

ezusb.c

EZ-USB initialization

send_state()

power

powered hubs

Raspberry Pi

bulk_read

bulk_write

source code

USB I/O loop

Raspbian Linux

Blacklist usbtest

cycfx2prog

EZ-USB FX2LP device

github.com

installation

libusb-1.0-0-dev

sdcc

ReNumeration™

USB hubs

User space software

V

vcgencmd commands

codec_enabled

get_config

get_lcd_info

GPU firmware version

line options

measure_clock

measure_temp

measure_volts

otp_dump

VirtualBox

create virtual disks

using Debian

OS X environment

without native

Virtual memory

Virtual network computing (VNC)

black screen

breadboard setup

Raspberry Pi

configuration

Interfaces tab

viewers

VmallocUsed

VNC access

Volt power

W

wait functions

wait_change()

wait_ms()

wait_ready()

Wired ethernet

bugs

DHCP

/etc/hosts file

ifconfig command

Pi direct

ping command

point-to-point

configuration

IP forwarding

persistent iptables

remote Pi configuration

second remote Pi test

WIFI Pi (B+)

WIFI Pi iptables

pop-up menu

static address

test static IP addresses

USB adapters

WIFI country

wireless configuration

1-Wire driver

1-Wire protocol

communication, low-data content devices

configuration

data I/O

driver circuit

master and slave

reset

slave support

temperature sensors

reading

slave devices

X, Y

X Window System (X-Window)

Z

Zero W

adapters

enabling ssh

problems

serial console access

VNC access

Previous Chapter

26. Pi Camera

Table of Contents for Advanced Raspberry Pi: Raspbian Linux and GPIO Integration

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I, J

K

L

M

N

O

P, Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X, Y

Z

Table of Contents for
Advanced Raspberry Pi: Raspbian Linux and GPIO Integration