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High Performance Browser Networking
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High Performance Browser Networking
by Ilya Grigorik
Published by O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2013
Cover
High Performance Browser Networking
High Performance Browser Networking
Foreword
Preface
I. Networking 101
1. Primer on Latency and Bandwidth
2. Building Blocks of TCP
3. Building Blocks of UDP
4. Transport Layer Security (TLS)
II. Performance of Wireless Networks
5. Introduction to Wireless Networks
6. WiFi
7. Mobile Networks
8. Optimizing for Mobile Networks
III. HTTP
9. Brief History of HTTP
10. Primer on Web Performance
11. HTTP/1.X
12. HTTP/2
13. Optimizing Application Delivery
IV. Browser APIs and Protocols
14. Primer on Browser Networking
15. XMLHttpRequest
16. Server-Sent Events (SSE)
17. WebSocket
18. WebRTC
Index
Colophon
Copyright
High Performance Browser Networking
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
About This Book
Conventions Used in This Book
Safari® Books Online
How to Contact Us
Content Updates
May 23, 2014
I. Networking 101
1. Primer on Latency and Bandwidth
Speed Is a Feature
The Many Components of Latency
Speed of Light and Propagation Latency
Last-Mile Latency
Bandwidth in Core Networks
Bandwidth at the Network Edge
Delivering Higher Bandwidth and Lower Latencies
2. Building Blocks of TCP
Three-Way Handshake
Congestion Avoidance and Control
Flow Control
Slow-Start
Congestion Avoidance
Bandwidth-Delay Product
Head-of-Line Blocking
Optimizing for TCP
Tuning Server Configuration
Tuning Application Behavior
Performance Checklist
3. Building Blocks of UDP
Null Protocol Services
UDP and Network Address Translators
Connection-State Timeouts
NAT Traversal
STUN, TURN, and ICE
Optimizing for UDP
4. Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Encryption, Authentication, and Integrity
TLS Handshake
RSA, Diffie-Hellman and Forward Secrecy
Application Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN)
Server Name Indication (SNI)
TLS Session Resumption
Session Identifiers
Session Tickets
Chain of Trust and Certificate Authorities
Certificate Revocation
Certificate Revocation List (CRL)
Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP)
TLS Record Protocol
Optimizing for TLS
Computational Costs
Early Termination
Session Caching and Stateless Resumption
TLS False Start
TLS Record Size
TLS Compression
Certificate-Chain Length
OCSP Stapling
HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)
Performance Checklist
Testing and Verification
II. Performance of Wireless Networks
5. Introduction to Wireless Networks
Ubiquitous Connectivity
Types of Wireless Networks
Performance Fundamentals of Wireless Networks
Bandwidth
Signal Power
Modulation
Measuring Real-World Wireless Performance
6. WiFi
From Ethernet to a Wireless LAN
WiFi Standards and Features
Measuring and Optimizing WiFi Performance
Packet Loss in WiFi Networks
Optimizing for WiFi Networks
Leverage Unmetered Bandwidth
Adapt to Variable Bandwidth
Adapt to Variable Latency
7. Mobile Networks
Brief History of the G’s
First Data Services with 2G
3GPP and 3GPP2 Partnerships
Evolution of 3G Technologies
Evolution of 3GPP technologies
Evolution of 3GPP2 technologies
IMT-Advanced 4G Requirements
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
HSPA+ is Leading Worldwide 4G Adoption
Building for the Multigeneration Future
Device Features and Capabilities
User Equipment Category
Radio Resource Controller (RRC)
3G, 4G, and WiFi Power Requirements
LTE RRC State Machine
HSPA and HSPA+ (UMTS) RRC State Machine
EV-DO (CDMA) RRC State Machine
Inefficiency of Periodic Transfers
End-to-End Carrier Architecture
Radio Access Network (RAN)
Core Network (CN)
Backhaul Capacity and Latency
Packet Flow in a Mobile Network
Initiating a Request
Inbound Data Flow
Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets)
Real-World 3G, 4G, and WiFi Performance
8. Optimizing for Mobile Networks
Preserve Battery Power
Eliminate Periodic and Inefficient Data Transfers
Eliminate Unnecessary Application Keepalives
Anticipate Network Latency Overhead
Account for RRC State Transitions
Decouple User Interactions from Network Communication
Design for Variable Network Interface Availability
Burst Your Data and Return to Idle
Offload to WiFi Networks
Apply Protocol and Application Best Practices
III. HTTP
9. Brief History of HTTP
HTTP 0.9: The One-Line Protocol
HTTP/1.0: Rapid Growth and Informational RFC
HTTP/1.1: Internet Standard
HTTP/2: Improving Transport Performance
10. Primer on Web Performance
Hypertext, Web Pages, and Web Applications
Anatomy of a Modern Web Application
Speed, Performance, and Human Perception
Analyzing the Resource Waterfall
Performance Pillars: Computing, Rendering, Networking
More Bandwidth Doesn’t Matter (Much)
Latency as a Performance Bottleneck
Synthetic and Real-User Performance Measurement
Browser Optimization
11. HTTP/1.X
Benefits of Keepalive Connections
HTTP Pipelining
Using Multiple TCP Connections
Domain Sharding
Measuring and Controlling Protocol Overhead
Concatenation and Spriting
Resource Inlining
12. HTTP/2
Brief History of SPDY and HTTP/2
Design and Technical Goals
Binary Framing Layer
Streams, Messages, and Frames
Request and Response Multiplexing
Stream Prioritization
One Connection Per Origin
Flow Control
Server Push
Header Compression
Upgrading to HTTP/2
Brief Introduction to Binary Framing
Initiating a New Stream
Sending Application Data
Analyzing HTTP/2 Frame Data Flow
13. Optimizing Application Delivery
Optimizing Physical and Transport Layers
Evergreen Performance Best Practices
Cache Resources on the Client
Compress Transferred Data
Eliminate Unnecessary Request Bytes
Parallelize Request and Response Processing
Optimizing for HTTP/1.x
Optimizing for HTTP/2
Eliminate Domain Sharding
Minimize Concatenation and Image Spriting
Eliminate Roundtrips with Server Push
Test HTTP/2 Server Quality
IV. Browser APIs and Protocols
14. Primer on Browser Networking
Connection Management and Optimization
Network Security and Sandboxing
Resource and Client State Caching
Application APIs and Protocols
15. XMLHttpRequest
Brief History of XHR
Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)
Downloading Data with XHR
Uploading Data with XHR
Monitoring Download and Upload Progress
Streaming Data with XHR
Real-Time Notifications and Delivery
Polling with XHR
Long-Polling with XHR
XHR Use Cases and Performance
16. Server-Sent Events (SSE)
EventSource API
Event Stream Protocol
SSE Use Cases and Performance
17. WebSocket
WebSocket API
WS and WSS URL Schemes
Receiving Text and Binary Data
Sending Text and Binary Data
Subprotocol Negotiation
WebSocket Protocol
Binary Framing Layer
Protocol Extensions
HTTP Upgrade Negotiation
WebSocket Use Cases and Performance
Request and Response Streaming
Message Overhead
Data Efficiency and Compression
Custom Application Protocols
Deploying WebSocket Infrastructure
Performance Checklist
18. WebRTC
Standards and Development of WebRTC
Audio and Video Engines
Acquiring Audio and Video with getUserMedia
Real-Time Network Transports
Brief Introduction to RTCPeerConnection API
Establishing a Peer-to-Peer Connection
Signaling and Session Negotiation
Session Description Protocol (SDP)
Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE)
Incremental Provisioning (Trickle ICE)
Tracking ICE Gathering and Connectivity Status
Putting It All Together
Initiating a WebRTC connection
Responding to a WebRTC connection
Delivering Media and Application Data
Secure Communication with DTLS
Delivering Media with SRTP and SRTCP
Delivering application data with SCTP
DataChannel
Setup and Negotiation
Configuring Message Order and Reliability
Partially Reliable Delivery and Message Size
WebRTC Use Cases and Performance
Audio, Video, and Data Streaming
Multiparty Architectures
Infrastructure and Capacity Planning
Data Efficiency and Compression
Performance Checklist
Index
Colophon
Copyright
High Performance Browser Networking
Published by
O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2013